Selling a House in Probate in New Hampshire: Steps, Who Can Sign the Deed, Taxes & Inherited Homes

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Selling a House in Probate in New Hampshire: Steps, Who Can Sign the Deed, Taxes & Inherited Homes

July 22, 2026

Tom DeMatteo

Written by Tom DeMatteo

Broker/Owner, Owl's Nest Real Estate · July 22, 2026 · Updated · 25 min read

Can you sell a house during probate in New Hampshire? Yes, and most estates do. Selling a house in probate does not wait for the estate to close. Once the Circuit Court Probate Division appoints the executor or administrator, that person can sell the probate house as soon as they have authority to sign the deed: a power of sale in the will, the written consent of the surviving spouse and heirs under RSA 559:18, or a license to sell from the court under RSA 559. The house is often listed and sold within a few months of the appointment. The estate itself usually stays open 6 to 12 months, partly because creditors have six months to present claims.

Stepped-up basis often leaves little taxable gain on an inherited house, and New Hampshire has no inheritance or estate tax. Before any of that, secure and insure the house.

That is the mechanical answer. Selling a probate house is rarely just a transaction. It is usually a parent's home, or the lake camp where every summer happened, and the paperwork arrives tangled up with grief, siblings, and a probate court you have never dealt with before. Search "probate house" online and you mostly find national cash-buyer sites offering to take the property off your hands, which tells you what they think it is worth to them. This guide is the local alternative: how selling a home in probate actually works in New Hampshire, from a team that sells estate homes, camps and land around Plymouth, Campton, Thornton, the White Mountains and the Lakes Region. Probate and estate taxation are legal and tax matters, and the details turn on the will and the estate. Use this as a map and confirm the specifics with a New Hampshire probate attorney and your CPA.

In this guide

Key takeaways

  • A house owned in the deceased person's name alone, or as a tenant in common, almost always goes through the Circuit Court Probate Division before it can be sold.
  • Appointment alone is not enough. The executor also needs authority to convey: a power of sale in the will, written consent of the spouse and heirs (RSA 559:18), or a court license to sell.
  • A sale made with heir consent under RSA 559:18 conveys title free of creditors' claims and of anyone claiming under the decedent. The deed is usually a fiduciary deed.
  • Since July 1, 2024 New Hampshire allows transfer on death deeds (RSA 563-D), so a growing number of houses skip probate entirely.
  • Stepped-up basis (IRC §1014) resets the heirs' tax basis to date-of-death value. NH has no inheritance tax, no estate tax and no tax on home-sale gains. The estate pays the ordinary seller's transfer tax: $0.75 per $100 under RSA 78-B.

Can you sell a house during probate in New Hampshire?

Yes. If the question is "can you sell a house in probate before the estate closes," the answer is also yes: selling a house during probate is routine in New Hampshire. Probate and selling a house run on two separate clocks: the estate stays open until debts are paid and the court accepts the final account, while the house can go under contract long before that. The sale has to wait for two things only: the court's appointment of the executor or administrator, and that person's authority to sell the real estate. Appointment by itself does not settle the second question, and the next two sections cover both.

What "selling a house in probate" means in practice is that the estate, not the heirs, is the seller. The fiduciary signs the listing agreement, the purchase and sale agreement and the deed, and the proceeds go into the estate account. Heirs receive their share at distribution, after the creditor window closes and the court approves.

Whichever path gives the fiduciary authority, anyone buying a probate house will have their attorney or title company check it. Confirm your authority with a NH probate attorney before you accept an offer. Signing a purchase and sale agreement you cannot yet perform helps no one. When we list a probate home, we work directly with the estate's attorney so the listing timeline and the court timeline stay in step.

Does the house have to go through probate at all?

How the deed reads decides it. A title search, or a look at the last recorded deed at the county registry of deeds, answers the question quickly. In our market that is the Grafton County Registry of Deeds in North Haverhill.

How the house was owned Probate needed to sell? What usually happens
Sole name, or tenants in common Yes Executor or administrator is appointed and sells with authority (see below)
Joint tenants with rights of survivorship Usually no The survivor already owns it; a death certificate is recorded and the survivor sells
Living trust No The successor trustee sells under the trust's terms
Transfer on death deed (deaths on or after July 1, 2024) No The named beneficiary records a notice-of-death affidavit and then owns and can sell it
Life estate deed Usually no The remainder owners hold title when the life tenant dies

Transfer on death deeds are new in New Hampshire

For years NH had no TOD deed. The Uniform Real Property Transfer on Death Act took effect July 1, 2024 as RSA 563-D. It applies to TOD deeds made on or after that date by an owner who dies on or after it, and the deed must be recorded before the owner's death (Stewart Title bulletin NH2024001). A 2025 amendment (SB 42, chapter 114, effective August 22, 2025) requires the beneficiary to record a notarized notice-of-death affidavit at the registry of deeds within 60 days of the death, so the town's tax assessor knows who owns the property. If your parent recorded one, ask a title company or attorney to confirm it was done correctly before you list.

Small estates and waiver of administration

New Hampshire has no dollar-threshold shortcut that covers real estate. The court's old small-estate petition (NHJB-2141-P) excluded real estate and applies only to deaths before 2006. What exists today is waiver of administration under RSA 553:32. It can apply when the beneficiaries themselves serve as administrators or agree in writing on who serves, and it lifts the bond, inventory and accounting requirements. It is a lighter process, not a way around probate, and your attorney can tell you whether the estate qualifies.

Where the estate is filed

The estate opens in the Probate Division for the county where the person lived, not necessarily where the house sits. If a Massachusetts or Connecticut resident owned a Campton condo or a Squam Lake camp, the estate usually opens at home and a second, ancillary proceeding in New Hampshire covers the NH real estate. That second proceeding is worth starting early.

Selling a home in probate: who can sign the deed

The fiduciary's authority to sell comes from one of three places. This is the biggest fork when selling property in probate, so settle it before the house is listed.

Path When it applies What it adds to the timeline
Power of sale in the will The will expressly lets the executor sell real estate Usually nothing; sell once appointed
Written consent of spouse and heirs (RSA 559:18) The will is silent (or there is no will) and everyone signs A few weeks to gather signatures
License to sell from the court (RSA 559) No power of sale and consents cannot be gathered, the estate cannot pay its debts, or the heirs are in dispute A court motion and order; plan on several extra weeks

Power of sale in the will

Many well-drafted wills authorize the executor to sell real estate without further court involvement. If yours does, the sale runs much like an ordinary one once the executor is appointed.

Unless the will says otherwise, the executor or administrator may sell the whole or any part of the real estate with the written consent of the surviving spouse and the heirs at law or devisees (or the guardians or conservators of any under a disability). If an heir is under a disability, cannot be found, or is unknown, the judge can appoint a guardian ad litem who may consent for them. A sale made this way conveys title free of the claims of the decedent's creditors and of anyone claiming under the decedent or the will. When every signature is available, this is usually the most direct path.

A license to sell from the court

Chapter 559 lets the Probate Division license a sale by court order. The classic ground is RSA 559:1: the estate's personal property is not enough to pay its debts. The fiduciary files a motion (the Judicial Branch form is NHJB-2136-P, Motion and License to Sell Real Estate to Pay Demands), which asks to sell by public auction or private sale. A deed can't be delivered until the court grants the license.

The fiduciary deed and what it promises

An estate does not sign a warranty deed. The executor or administrator signs a fiduciary deed, the statutory form in New Hampshire's deeds chapter (RSA 477). Its covenants are narrow. The fiduciary promises that they were authorized to make the sale, that they followed the statutory requirements, and that they will defend title only against claims arising through them in that fiduciary role (Stewart Title NH fiduciary deed form). Nobody in the estate is personally guaranteeing decades of title history. That is normal, and it is why buyers of probate property rely on a title search and an owner's title insurance policy.

First steps: secure the probate house before you sell it

In the first days and weeks the goal is not selling. It is stabilizing.

A white New England cape house in late autumn with moving boxes on the front porch

  • Secure and maintain the property. Change or collect the keys, keep the heat on, arrange plowing and lawn care, and have someone local check the house regularly. A frozen pipe in a February vacancy is the classic New Hampshire estate disaster.
  • Call the insurance company. Homeowner's policies often limit or exclude coverage once a house sits vacant. Tell the insurer the owner has died and ask about vacant-home coverage. An uninsured loss can dwarf every other cost in this process.
  • Keep paying the mortgage, if there is one. More on mortgages and reverse mortgages below.
  • Locate the will and open the estate. The named executor (or an administrator, if there is no will) files with the Probate Division and receives the court's appointment, the document banks, buyers and title companies will all ask for. If the family has no attorney, the NH Bar Association's Lawyer Referral Service can match you with a probate lawyer.
  • Leave the contents in place for now. Furniture, vehicles, jewelry and papers are part of the estate the executor must inventory at date-of-death value (RSA 554:1). Photograph each room, pull out important documents, and hold off on giveaways, donations and dumpsters until the executor is appointed and the family agrees on who keeps what.

None of this commits you to anything. It stops the clock on damage and starts the clock on authority.

A New Hampshire home in the White Mountains surrounded by trees, the kind of second home families pass down for generations

How to sell a probate house in NH: step by step

Every estate is different, but nearly every probate house sale process follows this sequence, and it is the short version of how to sell a house in probate. The durations are planning figures from the estate sales we work on, not statutory promises. The statutory deadlines are linked.

Step What happens Typical timing
1. Open the estate Will, death certificate and petition filed with the Probate Division Weeks 1–4
2. Appointment Court appoints the executor or administrator Roughly 2–6 weeks after filing
3. Date-of-death valuation Market valuation or appraisal of the house as of the date of death Weeks 2–8
4. Inventory Filed with the court, house included Within 90 days of appointment (RSA 554:1) unless waived
5. Authority to sell Power of sale, heir consents, or license Immediate to several weeks
6. Prepare and list Cleanout, light repairs, photos, pricing 2–8 weeks, overlapping steps 3–5
7. Under contract to closing Buyer's title company checks the fiduciary's authority; fiduciary deed delivered Commonly 30–60 days
8. Creditor window Creditors present claims Six months from the grant of administration (RSA 556:3)
9. Account and distribute Debts and expenses paid, final account, proceeds to heirs Most estates close in about 6–12 months; contested ones run longer
  1. Open the estate. The original will, a death certificate and the court's petition go to the Probate Division for the county of the decedent's domicile. Grafton County covers most of our market.
  2. Get appointed. The court's certificate of appointment lets you open an estate bank account, deal with the insurer and sign listing paperwork.
  3. Document the date-of-death value. The inventory needs a value for the house as of the date of death, and that number also sets the heirs' stepped-up basis for taxes. A professional market valuation or a formal appraisal tied to the date of death is the standard approach.
  4. File the inventory within 90 days of appointment, unless the estate qualifies for waiver of administration.
  5. Confirm authority to sell using the table in the section above.
  6. Prepare and list. Cleanout, a deep clean, small repairs, photography and pricing. Our Ready-to-Sell Program suits estates with no cash on hand: a complimentary pre-listing inspection plus up to $2,500 in approved prep costs, advanced and reimbursed at closing, for qualifying listings.
  7. Accept an offer and close. The fiduciary signs the deed. Sale proceeds go to the estate account, not to the heirs directly.
  8. Wait out the creditor window. Creditors generally have six months from the original grant of administration to present claims (RSA 556:3). The sale can close inside that window. The distribution usually waits for it.
  9. Account and distribute. The executor pays debts and expenses, accounts to the court, and then distributes. Nobody should promise heirs their share by a date until the attorney signs off.

The estates that go smoothly started the valuation, cleanout and authority questions in month one. Rushing the listing didn't help the others.

A seasonal note. If the estate opens in fall or winter, think twice before listing a mountain or lake property straight into the December–February slow season. Carrying the house through mud season and listing into the spring market often nets the estate more, and the probate clock usually absorbs the wait. See our guide to the best time to sell a house in New Hampshire.

Mortgages and reverse mortgages on a probate home

An ordinary mortgage does not disappear at death. The loan stays secured by the house, and the payoff comes out of the sale proceeds at closing. Keep paying it while the estate is open, because a missed payment leads to late fees and, eventually, foreclosure. Federal law (12 U.S.C. §1701j-3(d), the Garn-St Germain Act) generally bars a lender from calling a home loan due just because the house passed to a relative on the borrower's death. That gives heirs time to decide whether to keep or sell. Call the servicer early, send the death certificate and letter of appointment, and ask to be recognized as a successor in interest so they will talk to you.

A reverse mortgage works differently. It becomes due when the last borrower dies. According to the CFPB, once the lender sends a due-and-payable notice the heirs have 30 days to buy, sell or turn the home over. The timeline can often be extended to about six months to sell or arrange financing. If the loan balance is more than the house is worth, the heirs won't have to pay more than 95% of the appraised value, and mortgage insurance covers the rest. Get the date-of-death valuation done early, and keep the servicer updated on the listing and sale.

Probate land and vacant lots

Probate land is common in our market: a woodlot behind the family house, a back lot bought decades ago, a house lot on a dead-end road in Rumney or Campton. A probate land sale follows the same authority rules as selling probate real estate with a house on it (power of sale, heir consent or a license), but land has its own homework, and an estate is usually the seller least able to do it.

  • Prove what can be built. Legal access, a state-approved septic design and a reconciled acreage are what turn a parcel into a sellable house lot. Our guide to selling land in New Hampshire walks through each.
  • Check for current use. Many family woodlots are enrolled in current use under RSA 79-A. Inheriting or selling enrolled land does not trigger the Land Use Change Tax. A change of use does, such as building or splitting off a lot. That tax is 10% of the full value of the land that changed use, so the purchase and sale agreement should say who pays if the buyer plans to build.
  • Don't cut the timber in a hurry. Selling timber before the land can make sense, but it is a decision for the heirs together, with a licensed forester, not a quick way to raise cash for the estate.
  • Expect a longer clock. Land takes longer to sell than houses. If the estate needs to close, consider pricing to the market from the start rather than chasing it down over several seasons.

If you are on the other side of the deal, our guide to buying land in New Hampshire and the Plymouth NH land guide cover what to check before you make an offer on probate land.

Taxes when selling an inherited or probate property

The tax picture is usually far better than heirs fear.

Stepped-up basis usually erases most of the gain

When you inherit property, its federal tax basis "steps up" under IRC §1014 to fair market value at the date of death (or the alternate valuation date, if the estate elects it), not what your parents paid decades ago (IRS: gifts and inheritances).

Sold after inheriting (stepped-up basis) If it had been gifted before death (carryover basis)
Parents paid (1989) $120,000 $120,000
Value at date of death $600,000 n/a
Your basis $600,000 $120,000
Sale price (8 months later) $615,000 $615,000
Taxable gain (before selling costs) about $15,000 about $495,000

Sell reasonably soon and the taxable gain is typically just the appreciation since death, minus selling costs, often close to zero. Hold the house for years and any gain above the stepped-up value becomes taxable. The §121 home-sale exclusion generally won't help unless an heir actually lives in it as a primary residence for two of the five years before selling. More in our guide to capital gains tax when selling a home in New Hampshire.

Any gain is long-term, even on a quick sale

The IRS treats inherited property as held for more than one year no matter how soon you sell (IRS Publication 544), so any gain is taxed at long-term rates. If the estate sells, the sale is reported on the estate's return. If the house was distributed first, it goes on the heirs' returns. Settle that with your CPA before closing.

No New Hampshire inheritance or estate tax

According to the NH Department of Revenue Administration, the state's inheritance tax was repealed for deaths on or after January 1, 2003, and no NH estate tax return is required for deaths on or after January 1, 2005. There is no state tax on capital gains either. Our guide to New Hampshire taxes, including the inheritance tax question covers the rest of the state picture. Federally, the estate tax basic exclusion is $15,000,000 for deaths in 2026 (IRS), so most New Hampshire families never touch it.

Transfer tax on a fiduciary deed

When the estate sells to an outside buyer, the sale is taxed like any other under RSA 78-B: $0.75 per $100 from the seller and $0.75 per $100 from the buyer. On a $600,000 sale, the estate's share is $4,500. A deed that simply distributes the house to the heirs under the will or the intestacy laws is a different matter. Transfers by devise or intestate succession are exempt under RSA 78-B:2, XI. The rest of the seller's bill (title work, attorney, recording, prorated property taxes) is itemized in our guide to closing costs in NH for sellers.

What it costs to sell a probate property

Selling a probate property carries four kinds of cost, and the estate usually pays all of them before anyone sees a distribution.

  • Probate and legal costs. Court filing fees and the estate attorney's fees, which depend on how simple or contested the estate is. Ask for an estimate at the first meeting.
  • Carrying costs. Property taxes, heat and electricity, insurance (including any vacant-home coverage), plowing, lawn care, mortgage payments and condo dues, every month until closing.
  • Cleanout and preparation. Cleanout crews, dumpsters, a deep clean and small repairs. Some or all of this can be advanced for qualifying listings through the Ready-to-Sell Program.
  • Selling costs at closing. Brokerage commission, the seller's transfer tax, title and closing-attorney charges and recording.

Selling costs also reduce the taxable gain, so keep the receipts. If speed matters more than price, our guide to selling a house fast in New Hampshire compares investor cash offers with a traditional listing. Those offers typically come in well below market value.

Buying probate properties: what buyers should expect

Houses in probate draw buyers who hope for a bargain. Sometimes there is one. More often the discount reflects the condition, and the trade-off is patience. If you are buying a probate house or probate land in New Hampshire, expect:

  • As-is sales. The executor may never have lived in the house. Estate sellers commonly sell as-is and answer "unknown" on systems like the well and septic. That is allowed under NH's seller disclosure rules when it is honest. Your inspection matters more, not less.
  • A fiduciary deed. Its covenants are limited to the fiduciary's own acts, so buy an owner's title insurance policy.
  • An authority check. Your attorney or title company will ask for the certificate of appointment and the source of the power to sell: the will, the RSA 559:18 consents, or the court's license. If a license is still pending, the purchase and sale agreement should make closing depend on it and allow enough time.
  • Slower answers. Decisions may need the agreement of several heirs, or a court date. Build slack into your financing and rate-lock timeline.
  • Where to find probate houses. There is no single list of probate property listings. Estate-owned homes come to market through the MLS like any other, often marked as an estate sale. If you are looking around Plymouth, Campton or Thornton, tell us you are open to estate properties and we will flag them as they list. Elsewhere in the state, estate sales appear among New Hampshire homes for sale like any other listing.

Selling an inherited house from out of state

This is the version we see most often: the family lake camp or ski condo inherited by adult children who now live in Boston, New York or further. The house is hours away, it needs to be emptied and kept safe through a New Hampshire winter, and nobody in the family can manage that from a distance. What those old camps are and who buys them today is covered in our guide to camps and cabins for sale in New Hampshire.

What "we handle it locally" means in practice:

  • A documented date-of-death valuation your CPA and the probate inventory can both use. It is usually the first thing we produce for an estate.
  • Caretaking through the seasons. Key-holding, walk-throughs after storms, heat checks, plow contracts and winterizing. We run vacation rentals across these towns, so property checks are our daily work.
  • Cleanout and contents, with photos to the family at each stage so keepsake decisions are made by the family, not a crew on a deadline.
  • Prep without the estate fronting cash, through the Ready-to-Sell Program.
  • Remote paperwork. Listing documents are e-signed, and New Hampshire closing attorneys and title companies can usually arrange mail-away or remote signing for out-of-state fiduciaries.

Some families find mid-process that they are not ready to sell. Renting the home seasonally can be a bridge, and our vacation rental management team can say whether that is realistic for the property. Go in clear-eyed: town short-term rental rules vary, New Hampshire's 8.5% Meals & Rentals tax applies to stays under 185 days, and nobody should promise the house will pay for itself. Our short-term rental analysis puts numbers on it.

When heirs disagree about selling a probate home

Decide the process before you decide the price. Agree early on who talks to the attorney and the agent, how decisions get made, and what happens to the contents. A professional market valuation replaces three competing opinions of what Mom's house is worth with one documented number. That is often the single most calming step a family can take, and if one heir wants to keep the house, the same number anchors a fair buyout.

Know where the legal lines sit. While the estate is open, a consent sale under RSA 559:18 needs every heir's written signature, so one holdout can stop that path. The executor may still have a power of sale under the will, or may ask the court for a license. Once the house has passed to several heirs as co-owners, any one of them can petition for partition under RSA 547-C. If the court finds the property can't be fairly divided, it may order it sold and the proceeds split. Partition is slow, costly and hard on relationships, so most families treat it as a last resort.

Selling a probate house as-is vs. light preparation

Estate properties are usually dated, and that is fine. Buyers here expect a 1980s kitchen in a 1980s lake house, and "as-is, priced accordingly" is a legitimate strategy when the estate has no cash. The middle path usually nets more: skip the renovation, do the light work (cleanout, deep clean, small repairs, paint where it counts) and let the house show at its best. The complimentary pre-listing inspection in our Ready-to-Sell Program means the estate learns about the tired water heater before the buyer's inspector does.

The fundamentals from our guide to selling a house in New Hampshire still apply: price to the market, not to memory; photograph it properly; and market it to every buyer, not just the investor who mailed you a postcard. Recent results are on our sold listings page, and the sellers page explains how we work with estates.

Frequently asked questions

Can you sell a house during probate in New Hampshire?

Yes. The sale does not have to wait for the estate to close. The executor or administrator must first be appointed by the Circuit Court Probate Division and must have authority to sell: a power of sale in the will, the written consent of the surviving spouse and heirs under RSA 559:18, or a license to sell from the court. Proceeds go to the estate account and are distributed after debts are paid.

What is selling a house in probate?

It means the estate, through its court-appointed executor or administrator, sells a house that was still in the deceased owner's name. The fiduciary signs the listing, the purchase and sale agreement and a fiduciary deed, the sale proceeds go to the estate, and the heirs receive their share when the estate distributes. A house held in joint tenancy, a trust or under a transfer on death deed is not a probate house, because it passes outside the estate.

How to sell a probate house in NH?

Open the estate and get appointed, document the house's date-of-death value, file the inventory, confirm your authority to sell, then prepare, list and sell. The fiduciary signs a fiduciary deed at closing, and the estate waits out the six-month creditor period before distributing the proceeds. A NH probate attorney should guide the court steps.

How long does a probate house sale take in New Hampshire?

The house itself is often listed and sold within a few months of the executor's appointment, sooner if the will grants a power of sale. The estate usually stays open roughly 6 to 12 months, because creditors have six months from the grant of administration to present claims. Contested estates and court licenses add time.

What is a license to sell real estate in NH probate?

It is a Probate Division order allowing the executor or administrator to sell estate real estate. It is needed when the will gives no power of sale and the heirs' written consent cannot be gathered, or when the estate cannot pay its debts from other assets. The motion asks to sell by private sale or public auction, and a deed cannot be delivered until the license issues.

Can you sell probate land the same way as a probate house?

Yes. A probate land sale needs the same authority as selling a probate home: a power of sale, the heirs' written consent, or a court license. The extra work is proving the lot is buildable (access, septic, acreage) and checking whether the land is in current use, because a buyer who builds or subdivides triggers the 10% Land Use Change Tax.

Does New Hampshire allow transfer on death deeds?

Yes, since July 1, 2024, under RSA 563-D. A TOD deed must be recorded before the owner dies, and since August 2025 the beneficiary must record a notice-of-death affidavit at the registry of deeds within 60 days of the death. A house that passes by a valid TOD deed does not go through probate.

What happens to the mortgage on a probate house?

The mortgage stays on the house and is paid off from the sale proceeds at closing, so keep making payments while the estate is open. Federal law generally stops a lender from calling the loan due just because the house passed to a relative at death. A reverse mortgage becomes due at death, and heirs typically have 30 days to respond and up to about six months to sell or refinance.

Do I pay taxes when I sell an inherited house in New Hampshire?

New Hampshire has no inheritance tax, no estate tax and no tax on capital gains. Federally, your basis steps up to the value at the date of death, so a prompt sale usually produces little or no gain, and any gain is long-term. The estate pays the ordinary seller's transfer tax of $0.75 per $100 on a sale to an outside buyer. Confirm your situation with a CPA.

Is buying a probate property a good deal?

Sometimes. Probate properties are usually sold as-is, with a fiduciary deed and sometimes slower decisions or a court license to wait for. Any discount usually reflects condition and timing. Get a full inspection, buy owner's title insurance, and have your attorney confirm the executor's authority to sell before you commit.

Local hands for a long-distance decision

If you have inherited a home or land anywhere in the Pemi Valley, the White Mountains or the Lakes Region, you don't have to work this out alone or from a distance. Start with a free professional home valuation, including the date-of-death documentation your tax preparer will want. Read our guide for New Hampshire home sellers for the road ahead, or contact our team and tell us where things stand.

This guide is general information for New Hampshire heirs, executors and buyers, not tax or legal advice. Laws change. Confirm the specifics of your situation with your CPA and a New Hampshire probate attorney.

Sources and further reading